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Characteristic
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Serum vitamin D1(nmol/L)
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Sex
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Men (n = 3652)
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80.5 ± 1.3
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Women (n = 4318)
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75.7 ± 1.4
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Race-ethnicity
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Non-Hispanic white (n = 2281)
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86.5 ± 1.4
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Non-Hispanic black (n = 2634)
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48.5 ± 1.2
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Mexican American/Hispanic (n = 2711)
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65.3 ± 1.2
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Other (n = 344)
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63.0 ± 1.5
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Geographical location
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Northeast (n = 958)
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85.0 ± 2.3
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Midwest (n = 1482)
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86.3 ± 3.3
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South (n = 3460)
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71.8 ± 1.7
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West (n = 2070)
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72.6 ± 1.8
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Urbanization
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Urban living (n = 4135)
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72.5 ± 1.3
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Rural living (n = 3795)
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83.6 ± 2.0
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Supplement use 2
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Yes (n = 2262)
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81.0 ± 1.4
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No (n = 4992)
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75.9 ± 1.4
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Prescription medicine use 3
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Yes (n = 1845)
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79.3 ± 1.7
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No (n = 5409)
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77.2 ± 1.2
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Poverty income ratio 4
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<1.0 (below poverty) (n = 2170)
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69.9 ± 1.4
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2.0-<3.0 (low-middle income) (n = 2058)
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76.4 ± 1.7
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3.0-<4.0 (high-middle income) (n = 2267)
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79.3 ± 1.4
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≥4.0 (high income) (n = 818)
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84.5 ± 2.1
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Body mass index (Kg/m2)
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Underweight (<18.5) (n = 277)
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84.7 ± 3.5
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Normal weight (18.5-<25) (n = 3911)
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82.4 ± 1.3
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Overweight (25-<30) (n = 2179)
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76.3 ± 1.5
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Obese (≥30) (n = 1583)
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65.6 ± 1.5
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Serum creatinine
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<70 μmol/L (n = 446)
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70.2 ± 3.0
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70-124 μmol/L (n = 7068)
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78.6 ± 1.2
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>124 μmol/L (n = 302)
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72.2 ± 2.7
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1 Values are means ± standard error of mean
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2 Vitamin/mineral supplement use 1 month prior to the survey
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3 Prescription medicine use 1 month prior to the survey
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4 The ratio of a family's income to their appropriate threshold income
